Simultaneous removal of fluoride and nitrate from synthetic aqueous solution and groundwater by the electrochemical process using non-coated and coated anode electrodes: A human health risk study.

Co-presence of fluoride (F ^- ) and nitrate (NO ₃ ^-) in water causes numerous health complications. Thus, they should be eliminated by an appropriate method like the EC process. In this research, simultaneous removal of F ^- and NO ₃ ^- from synthetic aqueous solution and groundwater has been considered by the EC technique under operational parameters like anode materials (un-coated (Al and Fe) and synthesized coated (Ti/TiRuSnO ₂ and Ti/PbO ₂ )), cathode materials (Cu, St, and Gr), current density (12, 24, and 36 mA/cm ² ), inter-electrode distance (0.5, 1, and 2 cm), pH (5.5, 7, and 8.5), NaCl concentrations (0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L), electrolysis time (15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min), NO ₃ ^- concentrations (75, 150, and 225 mg/L), and F ^- concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/L) for the first time in this research. The results proved that Al as non-coated anode and Cu as cathode electrodes were more effective in the co-removal of F ^- and NO ₃ ^- . The maximum removal efficiencies of 94.19 and 95% were observed at the current density of 36 mA/cm ² , 1 cm of inter-electrode distance, pH 7, 1 g/L of NaCl, and 90 min electrolysis time by Al-Cu electrode for F ^- (2 mg/L) and NO ₃ ^- (75 mg/L), respectively. The higher efficiency of Al-Cu electrodes was due to the simultaneous occurrence of electrocoagulation, electroreduction, and electrooxidation processes. Al-Cu electrode application considerably diminished f- and NO3- concentrations in the groundwater. Health risk assessment proved that HQ of F ^- was significantly decreased after treatment by the Al-Cu electrode. Thus, the EC process using an appropriate and effective electrode is a promising technique for treating aqueous solutions containing F ^- and NO ₃ ^- .
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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