Does Residual Cancer Burden Predict Local Recurrence After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy?

Background: The extent of residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can be quantified by the Residual Cancer Burden (RCB), a prognostic tool used to estimate survival outcomes in breast cancer. This study investigated the association between RCB and locoregional recurrence (LRR).
Methods: The study reviewed 532 women with breast cancer who underwent NAC between 2010 and 2016. Relapse in the ipsilateral breast, skin/subcutis at the surgical site, chest wall, pectoralis, or regional lymph nodes defined an LRR. The LRR cumulative incidence (LRCI) was estimated using the Fine and Gray competing-risks model, with death and distant recurrence defined as competing events. The association of LRCI with prognostic variables was evaluated.
Results: Overall, 5.5% of the patients experienced an LRR after a median follow-up period of 65 months. The 5-year LRCI rates by RCB were as follows: RCB-0 (0.9%), RCB-1 (3.2%), RCB-2 (6.0%), and RCB-3 (12.9%). In the univariable analysis, LRCI varied significantly by RCB (p = 0.010). The multivariable analysis showed a significant association of LRCI with increasing RCB, and the patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) phenotype were at lower risk for LRR than those with HER2+ and triple-negative cancers (p < 0.032). The patients with RCB-3 were at a higher risk for local relapse than those with RCB-0 (hazard ratio, 13.78; confidence interval, 2.25-84.45; p = 0.04). Type of operation (p = 0.04) and use of adjuvant radiation (p = 0.046) were statistically significant in the multivariable model.
Conclusions: The study results demonstrate a significant association between LRCI and increasing RCB, although distant recurrence is a substantial driver of disease outcomes. Future prospective studies should examine the role of RCB in clinical decisions regarding indications for adjuvant therapy.
(© 2022. Society of Surgical Oncology.)