Patient-derived tumor organoids for personalized medicine in a patient with rare hepatocellular carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation: a case report.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation (HCC-NED) is a very rare subtype of primary liver cancer. Treatment allocation in these patients therefore remains a challenge.
Methods: We report the case of a 74-year-old man with a HCC-NED. The tumor was surgically removed in curative intent. Histopathological work-up revealed poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (Edmondson-Steiner grade IV) with diffuse expression of neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and chromogranin. Three months after resection, multifocal recurrence of the HCC-NED was observed. In the meantime, tumor organoids have been generated from the resected HCC-NED and extensively characterized. Sensitivity to a number of drugs approved for the treatment of HCC or neuroendocrine carcinomas was tested in vitro.
Results: Based on the results of the in vitro drug screening, etoposide and carboplatin are used as first line palliative combination treatment. With genomic analysis revealing a NTRK1 -mutation of unknown significance (kinase domain) and tumor organoids found to be sensitive to entrectinib, a pan-TRK inhibitor, the patient was treated with entrectinib as second line therapy. After only two weeks, treatment is discontinued due to deterioration of the patient's general condition.
Conclusion: The rapid establishment of patient-derived tumor organoids allows in vitro drug testing and thereby personalized treatment choices, however clinical translation remains a challenge. To the best of our knowledge, this report provides a first proof-of-principle for using organoids for personalized medicine in this rare subtype of primary liver cancer.
Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interest.
(© The Author(s) 2022.)