Short-term exposure to gaseous air pollutants and daily hospitalizations for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children from 25 cities in China.

To examine the short-term association between gaseous air pollutants (CO, NO ₂ , SO ₂ , and O ₃ ) and all-cause respiratory disease, acute upper respiratory infections (AURIs) as well as acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) among children, we conducted the study from 25 major cities in China. Hospitalization records of children aged 0-18 years due to all-cause respiratory diseases (889,926), AURIs (97,858), and ALRIs (642,154) from 2016 to 2019 were extracted. Concentrations of CO, NO ₂ , SO ₂ , and O ₃ were averaged across monitoring stations. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the associations between gaseous air pollutants and daily hospitalizations for all-cause respiratory disease, AURIs, and ALRIs. The meta-analysis was used to combine the city-specific estimates. A 10 mg/m ³ increase in CO at lag01, and a 10 μg/m ³ increase in NO ₂ , SO ₂ , and O ₃ at lag01 were associated with 1.65% (95%CI, 0.41-2.91), 0.54% (95%CI, 0.30-0.79), 0.60% (95%CI, 0.22-0.99), and 0.23% (95%CI, 0.06-0.39) increase of hospitalizations due to all-cause respiratory disease, respectively. For the disease subtype, O ₃ only had adverse effects on AURIs, CO and SO ₂ mainly on ALRIs, and NO ₂ on both AURIs and ALRIs. Children aged 4-6years were more vulnerable to the effects of CO and NO ₂ , but those aged <1year were more susceptible to SO ₂ and O ₃ . Besides, the O ₃ effect was stronger in the warm season than in the cold season. The study indicated that short-term exposure to CO, NO ₂ , SO _2, and O ₃ was associated with increased hospitalization for pediatric respiratory disease, and the association may vary by position of the respiratory tract, age, and season.
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