Nicotinamide mononucleotide ameliorates acute lung injury by inducing mitonuclear protein imbalance and activating the UPR mt .

Mitochondria need to interact with the nucleus under homeostasis and stress to maintain cellular demands and nuclear transcriptional programs. Disrupted mitonuclear interaction is involved in many disease processes. However, the role of mitonuclear signaling regulators in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) remains unknown. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ⁺ ) is closely related to mitonuclear interaction with its central role in mitochondrial metabolism. In the current study, C57BL/6J mice were administrated with lipopolysaccharide 15 mg/kg to induce endotoxin-induced ALI and investigated whether the NAD ⁺ precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) could preserve mitonuclear interaction and alleviate ALI. After pretreatment with NMN for 7 days, NAD ⁺ levels in the mitochondrial, nucleus, and total intracellular were significantly increased in endotoxemia mice. Moreover, supplementation of NMN alleviated lung pathologic injury, reduced ROS levels, increased MnSOD activities, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, ameliorated the defects in the nucleus morphology, and these cytoprotective effects were accompanied by preserving mitonuclear interaction (including mitonuclear protein imbalance and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, UPR ^mt ). Furthermore, NAD ⁺ -mediated mitonuclear protein imbalance and UPR ^mt are probably regulated by deacetylase Sirtuin1 (SIRT1). Taken together, our results indicated that NMN pretreatment ameliorated ALI by inducing mitonuclear protein imbalance and activating the UPR ^mt in an SIRT1-dependent manner.