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Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 Ischemic Stroke Recovery-Evolving Evidence for the Mediating Roles of the ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas Receptor Axis and NLRP3 Inflammasome.
- Source :
-
International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2022 Mar 13; Vol. 23 (6). Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 13. - Publication Year :
- 2022
-
Abstract
- Cerebrovascular events, notably acute ischemic strokes (AIS), have been reported in the setting of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Commonly regarded as cryptogenic, to date, the etiology is thought to be multifactorial and remains obscure; it is linked either to a direct viral invasion or to an indirect virus-induced prothrombotic state, with or without the presence of conventional cerebrovascular risk factors. In addition, patients are at a greater risk of developing long-term negative sequelae, i.e., long-COVID-related neurological problems, when compared to non-COVID-19 stroke patients. Central to the underlying neurobiology of stroke recovery in the context of COVID-19 infection is reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, which is known to lead to thrombo-inflammation and ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR) axis inhibition. Moreover, after AIS, the activated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may heighten the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating neuro-glial cell dysfunction, ultimately leading to nerve-cell death. Therefore, potential neuroprotective therapies targeting the molecular mechanisms of the aforementioned mediators may help to inform rehabilitation strategies to improve brain reorganization (i.e., neuro-gliogenesis and synaptogenesis) and secondary prevention among AIS patients with or without COVID-19. Therefore, this narrative review aims to evaluate the mediating role of the ACE2/Ang- (1-7)/MasR axis and NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19-mediated AIS, as well as the prospects of these neuroinflammation mediators for brain repair and in secondary prevention strategies against AIS in stroke rehabilitation.
- Subjects :
- Angiotensin I metabolism
COVID-19 complications
COVID-19 virology
Humans
Ischemic Stroke complications
NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein metabolism
Neuroinflammatory Diseases complications
Peptide Fragments metabolism
Proto-Oncogene Mas metabolism
SARS-CoV-2 metabolism
SARS-CoV-2 physiology
Signal Transduction
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 metabolism
COVID-19 metabolism
Inflammasomes metabolism
Ischemic Stroke metabolism
Neuroinflammatory Diseases metabolism
Proteins metabolism
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1422-0067
- Volume :
- 23
- Issue :
- 6
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- International journal of molecular sciences
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 35328506
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063085