Does long-term exposure to air pollution impair physical and mental health in the middle-aged and older adults? - A causal empirical analysis based on a longitudinal nationwide cohort in China.

The world is aging, posing a challenge to public health. Air pollution is increasingly recognized as an important environmental risk factor, with effects on both physical and mental health. Considering the vulnerability of older adults, they tend to have more prevalent comorbidities that may lead to broader consequences. However, evidence to comprehensively assess the causal effects of long-term air pollution exposure on the physical and mental health of older adults remains limited and inconsistent, especially in developing countries. The longitudinal data from the Chinese Family Panel Study (a representative Chinese national cohort study) for 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 were included in this study. The Correlated Random Effects Control Function method (CRE-CF) in a counterfactual causal inference framework was employed to explore the causal relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and physical and mental health and self-rated health status in middle-aged and older adults, considering the ordered categorical nature of health outcomes. The appropriate instrumental variable was selected and validated. This study included 5846 participants aged >45 years in 2012. In the CRE-CF model for activities of daily living (ADLs, positively associated with physical health), subjective memory impairment (SMI, negatively associated with memory health) and self-rated health status in middle-age and older adults, the coefficient of PM _2.5 is -0.069, 0.102, and 0.106 respectively, and all statistically significant at 5% level, which suggests that chronic exposure to air pollutants had significant negative effects on ADLs, SMI and self-rated health in middle-aged and older adults. The findings suggest that long-term exposure to air pollutants can impair the health of middle-aged and older adults across the board, including physical and mental health. In the context of an aging society, the findings of this study will provide tremendous implications for the authority to protect them from damage caused by long-term exposure to air pollutants.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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