Back to Search
Start Over
Electrochemical determination of several biofuel antioxidants in biodiesel and biokerosene using polylactic acid loaded with carbon black within 3D-printed devices.
- Source :
-
Mikrochimica acta [Mikrochim Acta] 2022 Jan 10; Vol. 189 (2), pp. 57. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 10. - Publication Year :
- 2022
-
Abstract
- Low oxidation stability is the main drawback of biodiesels and biokerosenes that is overcome by using antioxidants, which can be combined due to synergistic effects. This paper demonstrates that 3D-printed electrochemical devices can be applied to biofuel electroanalysis, including the monitoring of oxidation stability by quantifying the antioxidant content in biofuels. Fabrication requires 3D-printed acrylic templates at which a polylactic acid (PLA) filament with conducting carbon-black filling sensors is extruded by a 3D pen. The antioxidants butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are the most employed additives in biodiesel production, and thus, their electrochemical behavior was investigated; 2,6-ditertbutylphenol (2,6-DTBP) was included in this investigation because it is commonly added to biokerosenes. The electrochemical surface treatment of the 3D-printed electrodes improved the current responses of all antioxidants; however, the electrochemical oxidation of TBHQ was clearly more affected by an electrocatalytic action shifting its oxidation towards less positive potentials (~200 mV), which resulted in a better separation of TBHQ and BHA oxidation peaks (+0.4 and +0.6 V vs Ag|AgCl, respectively). The oxidation of 2,6-DTBP occurred at more positive potentials (+1.2 V vs Ag|AgCl). The simultaneous determination of TBHQ and BHA by differential-pulse voltammetry resulted in linear responses in the range 0.5 and 175 μmol L <superscript>-1</superscript> with limits of detection and quantification of 0.15 μmol L <superscript>-1</superscript> and 0.5 μmol L <superscript>-1</superscript> , respectively. The presence of Fe <superscript>3+</superscript> , Cu <superscript>2+</superscript> , Pb <superscript>2+</superscript> , Mn <superscript>2+</superscript> , Cd <superscript>2+</superscript> , and Zn <superscript>2+</superscript> , even in high concentrations, did not interfere in the determination of TBHQ and BHA. The determination of 2,6-DTBP in biokerosene was achieved by cyclic voltammetry. All relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 6.0 %, indicating adequate precision of the methods. Spiked biofuel samples were analyzed (after dilution in electrolyte) and recovery values between 85 and 120% were obtained, which indicates absence of sample matrix effects.<br /> (© 2021. This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.)
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1436-5073
- Volume :
- 189
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Mikrochimica acta
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 35013813
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-05152-x