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Plasmodium berghei -Released Factor, Pb TIP, Modulates the Host Innate Immune Responses.
- Source :
-
Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2021 Dec 07; Vol. 12, pp. 699887. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Dec 07 (Print Publication: 2021). - Publication Year :
- 2021
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Abstract
- The Plasmodium parasite has to cross various immunological barriers for successful infection. Parasites have evolved mechanisms to evade host immune responses, which hugely contributes to the successful infection and transmission by parasites. One way in which a parasite evades immune surveillance is by expressing molecular mimics of the host molecules in order to manipulate the host responses. In this study, we report a Plasmodium berghei hypothetical protein, Pb TIP (PbANKA&#95;124360.0), which is a Plasmodium homolog of the human T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP). The latter possesses immunomodulatory activities and suppressed the host immune responses in a mouse acute graft- versus -host disease (GvHD) model. The Plasmodium berghei protein, Pb TIP, is expressed on the merozoite surface and exported to the host erythrocyte surface upon infection. It is shed in the blood circulation by the activity of an uncharacterized membrane protease(s). The shed Pb TIP could be detected in the host serum during infection. Our results demonstrate that the shed Pb TIP exhibits binding on the surface of macrophages and reduces their inflammatory cytokine response while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10. Such manipulated immune responses are observed in the later stage of malaria infection. Pb TIP induced Th2-type gene transcript changes in macrophages, hinting toward its potential to regulate the host immune responses against the parasite. Therefore, this study highlights the role of a Plasmodium -released protein, Pb TIP, in immune evasion using macrophages, which may represent the critical strategy of the parasite to successfully survive and thrive in its host. This study also indicates the human malaria parasite TIP as a potential diagnostic molecule that could be exploited in lateral flow-based immunochromatographic tests for malaria disease diagnosis.<br />Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.<br /> (Copyright © 2021 Kalia, Anand, Quadiri, Bhattacharya, Sahoo and Singh.)
- Subjects :
- Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Conserved Sequence
Cytokines biosynthesis
Cytokines genetics
Erythrocyte Membrane chemistry
Erythrocytes parasitology
Humans
Lipopolysaccharides pharmacology
Macrophages metabolism
Malaria parasitology
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Molecular Mimicry
Peptide Fragments blood
Peptide Fragments immunology
Protozoan Proteins immunology
RAW 264.7 Cells
Recombinant Proteins pharmacology
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Transcriptome
Host-Pathogen Interactions immunology
Immune Evasion immunology
Immunity, Innate
Macrophages parasitology
Malaria immunology
Plasmodium berghei immunology
Protozoan Proteins physiology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1664-3224
- Volume :
- 12
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in immunology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34987497
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.699887