Detecting emotion in speech expressing incongruent emotional cues through voice and content: investigation on dominant modality and language.

This research investigated how we detect emotion in speech when the emotional cues in the sound of voice do not match the semantic content. It examined the dominance of the voice or semantics in the perception of emotion from incongruent speech and the influence of language on the interaction between the two modalities. Japanese participants heard a voice emoting anger, happiness or sadness while saying "I'm angry", "I'm pleased" or "I'm sad", which were in their native language, in their second language (English) and in unfamiliar languages (Khmer and Swedish). They reported how much they agree that the speaker is expressing each of the three emotions. Two experiments were conducted with different number of voice stimuli, and both found consistent results. Strong reliance on the voice was found for the speech in participants' second and unfamiliar languages but the dominance was weakened for the speech in their native language. Among the three emotions, voice was most important for perception of sadness. This research concludes that the impact of the emotional cues expressed by the voice and semantics varies depending on the expressed emotions and the language.