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Enzymatic Approach in Calcium Phosphate Biomineralization: A Contribution to Reconcile the Physicochemical with the Physiological View.
- Source :
-
International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2021 Nov 30; Vol. 22 (23). Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Nov 30. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce hard inorganic matter from soft tissues with outstanding control of mineral deposition in time and space. For this purpose, organisms deploy a sophisticated "toolkit" that has resulted in significant evolutionary innovations, for which calcium phosphate (CaP) is the biomineral selected for the skeleton of vertebrates. While CaP mineral formation in aqueous media can be investigated by studying thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions in supersaturated solutions, biogenic mineralization requires coping with the inherent complexity of biological systems. This mainly includes compartmentalization and homeostatic processes used by organisms to regulate key physiological factors, including temperature, pH and ion concentration. A detailed analysis of the literature shows the emergence of two main views describing the mechanism of CaP biomineralization. The first one, more dedicated to the study of in vivo systems and supported by researchers in physiology, often involves matrix vesicles (MVs). The second one, more investigated by the physicochemistry community, involves collagen intrafibrillar mineralization particularly through in vitro acellular models. Herein, we show that there is an obvious need in the biological systems to control both where and when the mineral forms through an in-depth survey of the mechanism of CaP mineralization. This necessity could gather both communities of physiologists and physicochemists under a common interest for an enzymatic approach to better describe CaP biomineralization. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous enzymatic catalyses are conceivable for these systems, and a few preliminary promising results on CaP mineralization for both types of enzymatic catalysis are reported in this work. Through them, we aim to describe the relevance of our point of view and the likely findings that could be obtained when adding an enzymatic approach to the already rich and creative research field dealing with CaP mineralization. This complementary approach could lead to a better understanding of the biomineralization mechanism and inspire the biomimetic design of new materials.
- Subjects :
- Alkaline Phosphatase chemistry
Alkaline Phosphatase metabolism
Animals
Biocatalysis
Biological Evolution
Bone and Bones metabolism
Cartilage metabolism
Chemical Phenomena
Collagen chemistry
Collagen metabolism
Extracellular Matrix metabolism
Extracellular Vesicles metabolism
Humans
In Vitro Techniques
Models, Biological
Phylogeny
Tooth metabolism
Biomineralization physiology
Calcium Phosphates chemistry
Calcium Phosphates metabolism
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1422-0067
- Volume :
- 22
- Issue :
- 23
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- International journal of molecular sciences
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34884758
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312957