A Machine learning model trained on dual-energy CT radiomics significantly improves immunotherapy response prediction for patients with stage IV melanoma.

Background: To assess the additive value of dual-energy CT (DECT) over single-energy CT (SECT) to radiomics-based response prediction in patients with metastatic melanoma preceding immunotherapy.
Material and Methods: A total of 140 consecutive patients with melanoma (58 female, 63±16 years) for whom baseline DECT tumor load assessment revealed stage IV and who were subsequently treated with immunotherapy were included. Best response was determined using the clinical reports (81 responders: 27 complete response, 45 partial response, 9 stable disease). Individual lesion response was classified manually analogous to RECIST 1.1 through 1291 follow-up examinations on a total of 776 lesions (6.7±7.2 per patient). The patients were sorted chronologically into a study and a validation cohort (each n=70). The baseline DECT was examined using specialized tumor segmentation prototype software, and radiomic features were analyzed for response predictors. Significant features were selected using univariate statistics with Bonferroni correction and multiple logistic regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the best subset was computed (AUROC). For each combination (SECT/DECT and patient response/lesion response), an individual random forest classifier with 10-fold internal cross-validation was trained on the study cohort and tested on the validation cohort to confirm the predictive performance.
Results: We performed manual RECIST 1.1 response analysis on a total of 6533 lesions. Multivariate statistics selected significant features for patient response in SECT (min. brightness, R²=0.112, padj. ≤0.001) and DECT (textural coarseness, R²=0.121, padj. ≤0.001), as well as lesion response in SECT (mean absolute voxel intensity deviation, R²=0.115, padj. ≤0.001) and DECT (iodine uptake metrics, R²≥0.12, padj. ≤0.001). Applying the machine learning models to the validation cohort confirmed the additive predictive power of DECT (patient response AUROC SECT=0.5, DECT=0.75; lesion response AUROC SECT=0.61, DECT=0.85; p<0.001).
Conclusion: The new method of DECT-specific radiomic analysis provides a significant additive value over SECT radiomics approaches for response prediction in patients with metastatic melanoma preceding immunotherapy, especially on a lesion-based level. As mixed tumor response is not uncommon in metastatic melanoma, this lends a powerful tool for clinical decision-making and may potentially be an essential step toward individualized medicine.
Competing Interests: Competing interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest for this study. SF and AFC are employees of Siemens Healthcare and had no control over the data.
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