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A Note of Caution: Gramicidin Affects Signaling Pathways Independently of Its Effects on Plasma Membrane Conductance.
- Source :
-
BioMed research international [Biomed Res Int] 2021 Oct 21; Vol. 2021, pp. 2641068. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Oct 21 (Print Publication: 2021). - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Gramicidin is a thoroughly studied cation ionophore widely used to experimentally manipulate the plasma membrane potential (PMP). In addition, it has been established that the drug, due to its hydrophobic nature, is capable of affecting the organization of membrane lipids. We have previously shown that modifications in the plasma membrane potential of epithelial cells in culture determine reorganizations of the cytoskeleton. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, we explored the effects of PMP depolarization on some putative signaling intermediates. In the course of these studies, we came across some results that could not be interpreted in terms of the properties of gramicidin as an ionic channel. The purpose of the present work is to communicate these results and, in general, to draw attention to the fact that gramicidin effects can be misleadingly attributed to its ionic or electrical properties. In addition, this work also contributes with some novel findings of the modifications provoked on the signaling intermediates by PMP depolarization and hyperpolarization.<br />Competing Interests: All the authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.<br /> (Copyright © 2021 Frances Evans et al.)
- Subjects :
- Animals
Cattle
Cell Membrane drug effects
Cell Membrane metabolism
Cytoskeleton metabolism
Endothelial Cells drug effects
Endothelial Cells metabolism
Epithelial Cells metabolism
Gramicidin adverse effects
Gramicidin pharmacology
Ion Channels metabolism
Ions metabolism
Microtubules metabolism
Primary Cell Culture
Signal Transduction physiology
Gramicidin metabolism
Membrane Potentials drug effects
Signal Transduction drug effects
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 2314-6141
- Volume :
- 2021
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- BioMed research international
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34722759
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2641068