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Preparation of ethyl levulinate from wheat stalk over Zr(SO 4 ) 2 /SiO 2 .

Authors :: Wang DK
Zhao W
Cui MY
Guo TT
Fu SY
Li WG
Source :: Turkish journal of chemistry [Turk J Chem] 2021 Aug 27; Vol. 45 (4), pp. 1133-1145. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Aug 27 (Print Publication: 2021).
Publication Year :: 2021
Abstract: A series of Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> /SiO <subscript>2</subscript> solid acid catalysts with different Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> loadings were prepared by water-soluble-impregnation method at room temperature. Then, the prepared catalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum, X-ray diffraction, adsorption/desorption of N <subscript>2</subscript> , and temperature-programmed desorption of NH <subscript>3</subscript> . The results showed that the active component Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> was successfully adhered to the mesoporous SiO <subscript>2</subscript> , and the acid amount of Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> /SiO <subscript>2</subscript> increased with the increasing of the Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> loadings. Finally, the wheat stalk was used as raw material and depolymerized over Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> /SiO <subscript>2</subscript> to produce ethyl levulinate (EL). The reaction mixture was separated and purified by filtration and vacuum distillation. The kinetic characteristics and the reaction pathway were also studied. A comparative study showed that 20 wt.% Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> /SiO <subscript>2</subscript> exhibited higher catalytic activity. When reaction temperature, time, catalyst dosage and Zr(SO <subscript>4</subscript> ) <subscript>2</subscript> loadings were 190 °C, 50 min, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.%, the EL yield reached a maximum of 17.14%. The relative content of EL exceeded 90% after three steps of distillation.<br />Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: none declared<br /> (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s).)