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Lactoferrin Protects against Methamphetamine Toxicity by Modulating Autophagy and Mitochondrial Status.
- Source :
-
Nutrients [Nutrients] 2021 Sep 25; Vol. 13 (10). Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Sep 25. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Lactoferrin (LF) was used at first as a vehicle to deliver non-soluble active compounds to the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). Nonetheless, it soon became evident that, apart from acting as a vehicle, LF itself owns active effects in the CNS. In the present study, the effects of LF are assessed both in baseline conditions, as well as to counteract methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurodegeneration by assessing cell viability, cell phenotype, mitochondrial status, and specific autophagy steps. In detail, cell integrity in baseline conditions and following METH administration was carried out by using H&E staining, Trypan blue, Fluoro Jade B, and WST-1. Western blot and immuno-fluorescence were used to assess the expression of the neurofilament marker βIII-tubulin. Mitochondria were stained using Mito Tracker Red and Green and were further detailed and quantified by using transmission electron microscopy. Autophagy markers were analyzed through immuno-fluorescence and electron microscopy. LF counteracts METH-induced degeneration. In detail, LF significantly attenuates the amount of cell loss and mitochondrial alterations produced by METH; and mitigates the dissipation of autophagy-related proteins from the autophagy compartment, which is massively induced by METH. These findings indicate a protective role of LF in the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Autophagosomes drug effects
Autophagosomes metabolism
Autophagosomes ultrastructure
Cathepsin D metabolism
Cell Line, Tumor
Cell Survival drug effects
Humans
Lactoferrin administration & dosage
Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1 metabolism
Lysosomes drug effects
Lysosomes metabolism
Membrane Fusion drug effects
Methamphetamine administration & dosage
Microtubule-Associated Proteins metabolism
Mitochondria drug effects
Mitochondria ultrastructure
PC12 Cells
Phenotype
Rats
Time Factors
Tubulin metabolism
Vacuoles drug effects
Vacuoles metabolism
Vacuoles ultrastructure
Autophagy drug effects
Lactoferrin pharmacology
Methamphetamine toxicity
Mitochondria metabolism
Protective Agents pharmacology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 2072-6643
- Volume :
- 13
- Issue :
- 10
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Nutrients
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34684361
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103356