Statistical Process Control Charts for Monitoring Next-Generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Turnaround in Precision Medicine Initiatives.

Purpose: Precision oncology, such as next generation sequencing (NGS) molecular analysis and bioinformatics are used to guide targeted therapies. The laboratory turnaround time (TAT) is a key performance indicator of laboratory performance. This study aims to formally apply statistical process control (SPC) methods such as CUSUM and EWMA to a precision medicine programme to analyze the learning curves of NGS and bioinformatics processes.
Patients and Methods: Trends in NGS and bioinformatics TAT were analyzed using simple regression models with TAT as the dependent variable and chronologically-ordered case number as the independent variable. The M-estimator "robust" regression and negative binomial regression were chosen to serve as sensitivity analyses to each other. Next, two popular statistical process control (SPC) approaches which are CUSUM and EWMA were utilized and the CUSUM log-likelihood ratio (LLR) charts were also generated. All statistical analyses were done in Stata version 16.0 (StataCorp), and nominal P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results: A total of 365 patients underwent successful molecular profiling. Both the robust linear model and negative binomial model showed statistically significant reductions in TAT with accumulating experience. The EWMA and CUSUM charts of overall TAT largely corresponded except that the EWMA chart consistently decreased while the CUSUM analyses indicated improvement only after a nadir at the 82 ^nd case. CUSUM analysis found that the bioinformatics team took a lower number of cases (54 cases) to overcome the learning curve compared to the NGS team (85 cases).
Conclusion: As NGS and bioinformatics lead precision oncology into the forefront of cancer management, characterizing the TAT of NGS and bioinformatics processes improves the timeliness of data output by potentially spotlighting problems early for rectification, thereby improving care delivery.
Competing Interests: DT consults on the advisory board for Astra Zeneca and has received research funding from Karyopharm Therapeutics. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2021 Jain, Sim, Ng, Chin, Lim, Syn, Kamal, Gupta, Heong, Lee, Sapari, Koh, Isa, Ho, O’Hara, Ulagapan, Gu, Shroff, Weng, Lim, Lim, Pang, Ng, Wong, Soo, Yong, Chee, Lee, Goh, Soong and Tan.)