Overview of Robotic Technology in Spine Surgery.

As robotics in spine surgery has progressed over the past 2 decades, studies have shown mixed results on its clinical outcomes and economic impact. In this review, we highlight the evolution of robotic technology over the past 30 years, discussing early limitations and failures. We provide an overview of the history and evolution of currently available spinal robotic platforms and compare and contrast the available features of each. We conclude by summarizing the literature on robotic instrumentation accuracy in pedicle screw placement and clinical outcomes such as complication rates and briefly discuss the future of robotic spine surgery.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Darren R. Lebl, MD, reports relationships with Medtronic, Nuvasive, Stryker, Depuy Synthes, Guidepoint, Remedy Logic, ISPH II, Vestia Ventures, MiRUS, Woven Orthopedic Technologies, Integrity Implants, and HS2. Sheeraz A. Qureshi, MD, MBA, reports relationships with Stryker K2M, Globus Medical, Paradigm Spine, AMOpportunities, RTI Surgical, Integrity Implants, Medical Device Business Services, Medtronic USA, Nuvasive, Avaz Surgical, Simplify Medical, Tissue Differentiation Intelligence, Vital 5, Spinal Simplicity, LifeLink.com, Healthgrades, Society of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Simplify Medical, North American Spine Society, Minimally Invasive Spine Study Group, Lumbar Spine Research Society, International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery, Contemporary Spine Surgery, Cervical Spine Research Society, Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons, and Annals of Translational Medicine. Ram K. Alluri, MD, Fedan Avrumova, BS, Ahilan Sivaganesan, MD, and Avani S. Vaishnav, MBBS, declare no potential conflicts of interest.
(© The Author(s) 2021.)