Septic arthritis in childhood: A 24-year review.

Background: We investigated the pathogenic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of children diagnosed with septic arthritis (SA) during the past 24 years and identified the risk factors for SA-related sequelae.
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients admitted to Fukuoka University Hospital from 1997 to 2020. Causative pathogens were compared between the first (1997-2008) and second (2009-2020) periods. We also compared the clinical and laboratory characteristics in patients with known or unknown pathogens, and in patients with or without sequelae.
Results: A total of 37 patients with SA were identified, including 28 patients (76%) in the first period and nine patients (24%) in the second period. Sixteen of 37 patients (43%) were younger than 2 years, including two neonates. Pathogens were identified in 25 (68%) of 37 patients. Patients with known pathogens had a significantly higher C-reactive protein level on admission than those with unknown pathogens (P < 0.05). The predominant pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (38%, 14/37). Although S. aureus and Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) were predominant pathogens in the first period, Hib was not found in the second period. Six (16%) of 37 patients with SA experienced sequelae. Moreover, the risk factors for the development of sequelae were significantly associated with infection at age <1 month and delayed surgical treatment (>4 days).
Conclusions: The incidence of SA had decreased dramatically in the second period, and Hib was no longer the predominant pathogen. Earlier surgical drainage should be performed in neonates with SA.
(© 2021 Japan Pediatric Society.)