Diffuse Panbronchiolitis After Lung Transplantation: First Case in the Literature.

Background: Diffuse panbronchiolitis is a chronic airway disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of respiratory bronchioles and peribronchial tissue. We present a case of diffuse panbronchiolitis developed after lung transplantation, which to our knowledge has not been previously described in the literature.
Case Report: A 52-year-old white woman was admitted with reports of weakness, shortness of breath, and productive cough 6 months after bilateral sequential lung transplantation. Thorax computed tomography revealed the appearance of a budding branch pattern in the lower lobes of both lungs. Repeated transbronchial lung biopsies were not diagnostic. A lower lobe wedge biopsy with thoracotomy was performed in the patient, whose respiratory function gradually deteriorated. Dense lymphocyte infiltration in the respiratory bronchiole wall and foamy macrophage groups in the adjacent interstitial area were detected in the histopathologic sections. The dramatic response was achieved with pulse steroid therapy in a short time. Rapidly worsening clinical course and response to the pulse steroid therapy suggested acute cellular rejection.
Conclusions: Acute cellular rejection is expected within the first year in lung transplant recipients. Diffuse panbronchiolitis may be a kind of clinical presentation in lung recipients and should be considered in patients who develop severe graft function loss in a short time.
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