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Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia.
- Source :
-
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) [Molecules] 2021 Jul 29; Vol. 26 (15). Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jul 29. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Korean red pine ( Pinus densiflora ) belongs to the Genus Pinus, and its bark contains a great amount of naturally occurring phenolic compounds. Until now, few studies have been conducted to assess the neuroprotective effects of Pinus densiflora bark extract against brain ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of pre-treatment with the extract in the hippocampus following 5-min transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Furthermore, this study examined the anti-inflammatory effect as a neuroprotective mechanism of the extract. Pinus densiflora bark was extracted by pure water (100 °C), and this extract was quantitatively analyzed and contained abundant polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. The extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was orally administered once a day for seven days before the ischemia. In the gerbil hippocampus, death of the pyramidal neurons was found in the subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) five days after the ischemia. This death was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg, not 25 or 50 mg/kg, of the extract. The treatment with 100 mg/kg of the extract markedly inhibited the activation of microglia (microgliosis) and significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α). In addition, the treatment significantly increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 4 and interleukin 13). Taken together, this study clearly indicates that pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg of Pinus densiflora bark extract in gerbils can exert neuroprotection against brain ischemic injury by the attenuation of neuroinflammatory responses.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents chemistry
Brain Ischemia genetics
Brain Ischemia metabolism
Brain Ischemia pathology
Flavonoids chemistry
Flavonoids pharmacology
Gene Expression drug effects
Gerbillinae
Hippocampus metabolism
Hippocampus pathology
Inflammation
Interleukin-13 agonists
Interleukin-13 genetics
Interleukin-13 metabolism
Interleukin-1beta antagonists & inhibitors
Interleukin-1beta genetics
Interleukin-1beta metabolism
Interleukin-4 agonists
Interleukin-4 genetics
Interleukin-4 metabolism
Male
Microglia drug effects
Microglia metabolism
Microglia pathology
Neuroprotective Agents chemistry
Plant Bark chemistry
Plant Extracts chemistry
Plant Extracts pharmacology
Polyphenols chemistry
Polyphenols pharmacology
Proanthocyanidins chemistry
Proanthocyanidins pharmacology
Prosencephalon metabolism
Prosencephalon pathology
Pyramidal Cells drug effects
Pyramidal Cells metabolism
Pyramidal Cells pathology
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha antagonists & inhibitors
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha genetics
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha metabolism
Anti-Inflammatory Agents pharmacology
Brain Ischemia drug therapy
Hippocampus drug effects
Neuroprotective Agents pharmacology
Pinus chemistry
Prosencephalon drug effects
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1420-3049
- Volume :
- 26
- Issue :
- 15
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34361744
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154592