Evaluation of commercial zerovalent iron sources in combination with solar energy to remove microcontaminants from natural water at circumneutral pH.

Solar zerovalent iron (ZVI) was studied at circumneutral pH in combination with hydrogen peroxide and persulfate for removal of imidacloprid as a model contaminant in natural water. Three commercial ZVI sources, steel wool (ZVI-SW) and two iron micro-powders (ZVI-MS and ZVI-S) were independently evaluated. First, different ZVI corrosion conditions were tested in contact with air, exposed to natural solar radiation and with addition of oxidants, such as H ₂ O ₂ and S ₂ O ₈ ^2- , demonstrating the importance of released iron. Then, the technical feasibilities of solar/H ₂ O ₂ /ZVI and solar/S ₂ O ₈ ^2- /ZVI were assessed for the elimination of 1 mg/L of imidacloprid. In general, H ₂ O ₂ concentrations and treatment times were high. Only ZVI-MS (1 mM) reached 80% imidacloprid degradation after 157 min and 3 mM (102 mg/L) of H ₂ O ₂ . Solar/S ₂ O ₈ ^2- /ZVI performance was better, reaching >80% imidacloprid degradation in <60 min with 1 mM (192 mg/L) S ₂ O ₈ ^2- for all ZVI sources. Efficiency was highest with ZVI-MS, which was therefore selected for feasibility testing of a microcontaminant (MC) mixture containing 100 μg/L each of atrazine, carbendazim, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam with both solar/oxidizing agents/ZVI. H ₂ O ₂ took 180 min to achieve 76% degradation of the sum of MCs, while 80% total degradation was reached after 69 min by adding S ₂ O ₈ ^2- , confirming its higher efficiency. Finally, this study showed that ZVI in combination with solar radiation does not enhance significantly the photocatalytic cycle.
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