The relationship between the modified National Institute of Health activity and chronicity scoring system, and the long-term prognosis for lupus nephritis: A retrospective single-center study.

Background: The revision of International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classification guidelines for lupus nephritis (LN) was suggested by a working group, who recommended a modified National Institute of Health (NIH) activity and chronicity scoring system to evaluate active and chronic LN lesions. However, whether this approach was useful for estimating long-term prognosis for LN patients is unclear.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in Japanese subjects with biopsy-proven LN, between 1977 and 2018. Pathologic lesions were evaluated based on ISN/RPS 2003 classifications and the modified NIH scoring system. Patients were grouped by activity index (low, 0-5; moderate, 6-11; high, 12-24), and chronicity index (low, 0-2; moderate, 3-5; high, 6-12). The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or all-cause death, and the secondary outcome was ESKD alone.
Results: Sixty-six subjects with a median age of 31 years were included. During median follow-up (11.5 years), 15 patients reached the primary outcome: 10 had ESKD, four had died, and one had ESKD and died. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cumulative primary outcome incidence increased with a higher chronicity index (log-rank trend p  < 0.001). From multivariable survival analysis, moderate (hazard ratio [HR] 6.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14 to 33.20; p  = 0.034) and high chronicity indices (HR 20.20, 95% CI 1.13 to 359.82; p  = 0.041) were risk factors for the primary outcome.
Conclusion: Moderate and high chronicity indices were associated with an increased ESKD risk for LN.