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Retrospective review of 27 European cases of fatal elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-haemorrhagic disease reveals evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
- Source :
-
Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2021 Jul 08; Vol. 11 (1), pp. 14173. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jul 08. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus haemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is widely acknowledged as the most common cause of mortality in young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity. The objective of the current study was to perform a blinded, retrospective pathology review of European EEHV-HD fatalities, constituting the largest systematic assessment of EEHV-HD pathology to date. Findings between viral genotypes were compared with the aim to investigate if disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) could be substantiated as a significant complicating factor, thereby increasing the understanding of disease pathophysiology. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed endothelial cell (EC) damage and the presence of EC intranuclear inclusion bodies, demonstrating a direct viral cytopathic effect. Microthrombi were observed in 63% of cases in several organs, including lungs, which, together with widespread haemorrhage and thrombocytopenia reported in EEHV-HD case reports, supports the presence of overt DIC as a serious haemostatic complication of active EEHV infection. Death was attributed to widespread vascular damage with multi-organ dysfunction, including severe acute myocardial haemorrhage and subsequent cardiac failure. Systemic inflammation observed in the absence of bacterial infection may be caused by cytokine release syndrome. Findings reinforce the necessity to investigate cytokine responses and haemostatic status during symptomatic and asymptomatic EEHV viraemia, to potentially support the use of anti-inflammatory treatment in conjunction with anti-viral therapy and cardiovascular support.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation pathology
Edema pathology
Hemorrhage pathology
Herpesviridae Infections pathology
Inclusion Bodies, Viral metabolism
Inflammation pathology
Lymph Nodes pathology
Organ Specificity
Retrospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation veterinary
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation virology
Elephants virology
Hemorrhage veterinary
Hemorrhage virology
Herpesviridae physiology
Herpesviridae Infections veterinary
Herpesviridae Infections virology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 2045-2322
- Volume :
- 11
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Scientific reports
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34238966
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93478-0