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Renin-Angiotensin System in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Treatment of CVD.
- Source :
-
International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2021 Jun 22; Vol. 22 (13). Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jun 22. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Atherosclerosis has complex pathogenesis, which involves at least three serious aspects: inflammation, lipid metabolism alterations, and endothelial injury. There are no effective treatment options, as well as preventive measures for atherosclerosis. However, this disease has various severe complications, the most severe of which is cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is important to note, that CVD is among the leading causes of death worldwide. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an important part of inflammatory response regulation. This system contributes to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injured site and stimulates the production of various cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-a, and COX-2. There is also an association between RAAS and oxidative stress, which is also an important player in atherogenesis. Angiotensin-II induces plaque formation at early stages, and this is one of the most crucial impacts on atherogenesis from the RAAS. Importantly, while stimulating the production of ROS, Angiotensin-II at the same time decreases the generation of NO. The endothelium is known as a major contributor to vascular function. Oxidative stress is the main trigger of endothelial dysfunction, and, once again, links RAAS to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. All these implications of RAAS in atherogenesis lead to an explicable conclusion that elements of RAAS can be promising targets for atherosclerosis treatment. In this review, we also summarize the data on treatment approaches involving cytokine targeting in CVD, which can contribute to a better understanding of atherogenesis and even its prevention.
- Subjects :
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors therapeutic use
Animals
Atherosclerosis diagnosis
Atherosclerosis therapy
Biomarkers
Cardiovascular Diseases etiology
Cardiovascular Diseases metabolism
Clinical Trials as Topic
Disease Management
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
Endothelium metabolism
Humans
Molecular Targeted Therapy
Oxidative Stress
Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism
Atherosclerosis etiology
Atherosclerosis metabolism
Disease Susceptibility
Renin-Angiotensin System drug effects
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1422-0067
- Volume :
- 22
- Issue :
- 13
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- International journal of molecular sciences
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34206708
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136702