Cardiovascular responses to putative chemoreceptor stimulation of embryonic common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) chronically incubated in hypoxia (10% O 2 ).

Developmental hypoxia has been shown to result in significant changes in cardiovascular development of American alligators and common snapping turtles. These include similar effects on cardiac mass and aspects of cardiovascular function. However, given the distant phylogenetic relationship between crocodilians and chelonians, we hypothesized that snapping turtles would also exhibit differences in the effects of developmental hypoxia on cardiovascular regulation. This hypothesis was based in part on prior studies that documented differences in plasticity of vagal tone on the heart between alligators and snapping turtles incubated in hypoxic conditions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated how 10% O ₂ exposure over final 80% of incubation altered the heart rate and blood pressure response to two chemical manipulations of the "chemoreflex" in common snapping turtles at 70% and 90% of incubation. NaCN injections produced a dose dependent bradycardia that was mediated by cholinergic receptor stimulation. This reflex was relatively unaffected by hypoxic incubation conditions in snapping turtle embryos. Injections of the 5-HT ₃ agonist phenylbiguanide (PBG) caused a pronounced bradycardia that decreased in intensity at 90% of incubation in embryos from the normoxic group while the heart rate response was unchanged in the hypoxic group. This differs from the previously reported diminished heart rate response of embryonic alligators incubated in 10% O ₂ , suggesting plasticity in this chemoreflex response differs between the species. Our data also indicate the cardiovascular response is mediated by a secondary cholinergic receptor stimulation however the inability of ganglionic blockade to inhibit the PBG response leaves the location of the receptors antagonized by PBG in question in embryonic snapping turtles. Primarily, our findings refute the hypothesis that hypoxic incubation decreases the "chemoreflex' response of snapping turtle embryos.
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