Role of Decomposition Product Ions in Hysteretic Behavior of Metal Halide Perovskite.

Ion migration is one of the most debated mechanisms and credited with multiple observed phenomena and performance in metal halide perovskites (MHPs) semiconductor devices. However, to date, the migration of ions and their effects on MHPs are not still fully understood, largely due to a lack of direct observations of temporal ion migration. In this work, using direct observation of ion migration in-operando , we observe the hysteretic migration behavior of intrinsic ions ( i.e. , CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺ and I ^- ) as well as reveal the migration behavior of CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺ decomposition ions. We find that CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺ decomposition products can be affected by light and accumulate at the interfaces under bias. These MHP decomposition products are tightly related to the device performance and stability. Complementary results of time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy (tr-KPFM) demonstrate a correlation between dynamics of these interfacial ions and charge carriers. Overall, we find that there are a number of mobile ions including CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺ decomposition products in MHPs that need to be taken into account when measuring MHP device responses ( e.g. , charge dynamics) and should be considered in future optimization studies of MHP semiconductor devices.