Nocturnal cerebral tissue oxygenation in lowlanders with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease travelling to an altitude of 2,590 m: Data from a randomised trial.

Altitude exposure induces hypoxaemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly during sleep. The present study tested the hypothesis in patients with COPD staying overnight at high altitude that nocturnal arterial hypoxaemia is associated with impaired cerebral tissue oxygenation (CTO). A total of 35 patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, living at <800 m (mean [SD] age 62.4 [12.3] years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV ₁ ] 61 [16]% predicted, awake pulse oximetry ≥92%) underwent continuous overnight monitoring of pulse oximetry (oxygen saturation [SpO ₂ ]) and near-infrared spectroscopy of prefrontal CTO, respectively, at 490 m and 2,590 m. Regression analysis was used to evaluate whether nocturnal arterial desaturation (COPD _Desat , SpO ₂ <90% for >30% of night-time) at 490 m predicted CTO at 2,590 m when controlling for baseline variables. At 2,590 m, mean nocturnal SpO ₂ and CTO were decreased versus 490 m, mean change -8.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] -10.0 to -7.6) and -3.6% (95% CI -5.7 to -1.6), difference in change ΔCTO-ΔSpO ₂ 5.2% (95% CI 3.0 to 7.3; p < .001). Moreover, frequent cyclic desaturations (≥4% dips/hr) occurred in SpO ₂ and CTO, mean change from 490 m 35.3/hr (95% CI 24.9 to 45.7) and 3.4/hr (95% CI 1.4 to 5.3), difference in change ΔCTO-ΔSpO ₂ -32.8/hr (95% CI -43.8 to -21.8; p < .001). Regression analysis confirmed an association of COPD _Desat with lower CTO at 2,590 m (coefficient -7.6%, 95% CI -13.2 to -2.0; p = .007) when controlling for several confounders. We conclude that lowlanders with COPD staying overnight at 2,590 m experience altitude-induced hypoxaemia and periodic breathing in association with sustained and intermittent cerebral deoxygenation. Although less pronounced than the arterial deoxygenation, the altitude-induced cerebral tissue deoxygenation may represent a risk of brain dysfunction, especially in patients with COPD with nocturnal hypoxaemia at low altitude.
(© 2021 European Sleep Research Society.)