Dynamics of Ni-based defence and organic defences in the Ni hyperaccumulator, Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae).

Plants use chemical defences to reduce damage from herbivores and the effectiveness of these defences can be altered by biotic and abiotic factors, such as herbivory and soil resource availability. Streptanthus polygaloides, a nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator, possesses both Ni-based defences and organic defences (glucosinolates), but the extent to which these defences interact and respond to environmental conditions is unknown. S. polygaloides plants were grown on high-Ni and low-Ni soil and concentrations of Ni and glucosinolates were compared with those of the congeneric non-hyperaccumulator, S. insignus spp. insignus, grown under the same conditions. Ni contents were highest (4000 μg g ^-1 dry tissue) in S. polygaloides plants grown on high-Ni soil. Glucosinolate content was significantly higher in S. insignus than in S. polygaloides suggesting that plants defended by Ni produce a lower concentration of organic defences. In a separate experiment, high-Ni S. polygaloides plants were exposed to simulated herbivory or live folivores to determine the inducibility of Ni-based and organic defences. Contents of Ni were not affected by either herbivory treatment, whereas glucosinolate concentrations were >30% higher in damaged plants. We concluded that the Ni-based defence of S. polygaloides is not induced by herbivory.