Soil CO 2 emission and soil attributes associated with the microbiota of a sugarcane area in southern Brazil.

The spatial structure of soil CO ₂ emission (FCO ₂ ) and soil attributes are affected by different factors in a highly complex way. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the spatial variability patterns of FCO ₂ and soil physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes in a sugarcane field area after reform activities. The study was conducted in an Oxisol with the measurement of FCO ₂ , soil temperature (Ts), and soil moisture (Ms) in a regular 90 × 90-m grid with 100 sampling points. Soil samples were collected at each sampling point at a depth of 0-0.20 m to determine soil physical (density, macroporosity, and microporosity), particle size (sand, silt, and clay), and chemical attributes (soil organic matter, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H + Al, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation). Geostatistical analyses were performed to assess the spatial variability and map soil attributes. Two regions (R1 and R2) with contrasting emission values were identified after mapping FCO ₂ . The abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA, pmoA, and nifH genes, determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase, urease, cellulase, and amylase), and microbial biomass carbon were determined in R1 and R2. The mean values of FCO ₂ (2.91 µmol m ^-2  s ^-1 ), Ts (22.6 °C), and Ms (16.9%) over the 28-day period were similar to those observed in studies also conducted under Oxisols in sugarcane areas and conventional soil tillage. The spatial pattern of FCO ₂ was similar to that of macropores, air-filled pore space, silt content, soil organic matter, and soil carbon decay constant. No significant difference was observed between R1 and R2 for the copy number of bacterial 16S rRNA and nifH genes, but the results of qPCR for the pmoA gene presented differences (p < 0.01) between regions. The region R1, with the highest FCO ₂ (2.9 to 4.2 µmol m ^-2  s ^-1 ), showed higher enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase (33.02 µg TPF g ^-1 dry soil 24 h ^-1 ), urease (41.15 µg NH ₄ -N g ^-1 dry soil 3 h ^-1 ), amylase (73.84 µg glucose g ^-1 dry soil 24 h ^-1 ), and microbial biomass carbon (41.35 µg C g ^-1 soil) than R2, which had the lowest emission (1.9 to 2.7 µmol m ^-2  s ^-1 ). In addition, the soil C/N ratio was higher in R2 (15.43) than in R1 (12.18). The spatial pattern of FCO ₂ in R1 and R2 may not be directly related to the total amount of the microbial community (bacterial 16S rRNA) in the soil but to the specific function that these microorganisms play regarding soil carbon degradation (pmoA).