Multiple inhibitory effects of succinic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa : morphology, metabolomics, and gene expression.

The cell membrane permeability, morphology, metabolomics, and gene expression of Microcystis aeruginosa under various concentrations of succinic acid (SA) were evaluated to clarify the mechanism of SA inhibition of M. aeruginosa . The results showed that SA caused intracellular protein and nucleic acid extravasation by increasing the cell membrane permeability. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that a high dose of SA (60 mg L ^-1 ) could damage the cell membrane and even cause lysis in some cells. Metabolomics result demonstrated that change in intracellular lipids content was the main reason for the increase of cell membrane permeability. In addition, SA could negatively affect amino acids metabolism, inhibit the biosynthesis of nucleotides, and interfere with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of algal cells. Furthermore, SA also affected N assimilation and caused oxidative damage to Microcystis . In conclusion, SA inhibits the growth of M. aeruginosa through multisite action.