Impact of Δ E ST on Delayed Fluorescence Rate, Lifetime, and Intensity Ratio of Tetrahedral Cu(I) Complexes: Theoretical Simulation in Solution and Solid Phases.

Profound understanding of the luminescence mechanism and structure-property relationship is vital for Cu(I) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. Herein, we theoretically simulated luminescent behavior in both solution and solid phases for two Cu(I) complexes and found the following: (i) The strengthened spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect by more d _{x ² - y ²} orbital contributions and well-restricted structural distortion via remarkable intramolecular interaction in [Cu(dmp)(POP)] ⁺ enable the emission at room temperature to be a mixture of direct phosphorescence (10%) and TADF (90%). (ii) Benefiting from enhanced steric hindrance and the electron-donating ability of the paracyclophane group, the narrowed S ₁ -T ₁ energy separation (Δ E _ST ) in [Cu(dmp)(phanephos)] ⁺ accelerates the reverse intersystem crossing, promoting the TADF rate (1.88 × 10 ⁵ s ^-1 ) and intensity ratio (98.3%). These results indicate that the small Δ E _ST is superior for reducing the lifetime and that the strong SOC stimulates the phosphorescence to compete with TADF, which are both conducive to avoiding collision-induced exciton quenching and reducing the roll-off in devices.