Temporomandibular disorders and autonomic dysfunction: Exploring the possible link between the two using a questionnaire survey.

Objective: To assess autonomic function and investigate factors related to its dysfunction in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) from a biopsychosocial perspective.
Methods: Seventy-six patients with TMD were investigated by clinical examination and questionnaires concerning biopsychosocial aspects (The Brief Pain Inventory, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) and autonomic dysfunction (The COMPASS 31).
Results: Seventy-one patients were included in the study. The result of multiple regression analysis showed that four variables (sex, depression, age, and pain interference) were significantly associated with autonomic dysfunction. Increased orthostatic intolerance and bladder dysfunction were observed in females and males, respectively. Younger age was associated with higher orthostatic intolerance, while higher pain interference was associated with higher secretomotor dysfunction and bladder dysfunction. Further, higher depression scores were linked to higher scores in the gastrointestinal subdomain.
Conclusion: Autonomic dysfunction may affect TMD-related pain in the context of a biopsychosocial perspective.