Acquired Hemophilia A in IgG4-Related Disease: Case Report, Immunopathogenic Study, and Review of the Literature.

We report the observation of a 75-year-old patient referred for cervical lymphadenopathies. A pre-lymphadenectomy blood work revealed an asymptomatic elevation of aPTT with low factor VIII (FVIII) levels and high anti-FVIII antibodies titers, consistent with acquired hemophilia A (AHA). Histological work-up of a cervical lymphadenopathy revealed benign follicular hyperplasia with IgG4 ⁺ lymphoplasmacytic infiltration; and serum IgG4 levels were markedly elevated, compatible with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). He was successfully treated with a 9-month course of prednisone, secondarily associated with rituximab when an AHA relapse occurred. As this patient presented with an unusual association of rare diseases, we wondered whether there was a link between the two conditions. Our first hypothesis was that the anti-FVIII autoantibodies could be directly produced by the proliferating IgG4 ⁺ plasma cells as a result of broken tolerance to autologous FVIII. To test this assumption, we determined the anti-FVIII IgG subclasses in our patient and in a control group of 11 AHA patients without IgG4-RD. The FVIII inhibitor was mostly IgG4, with an anti-FVIII IgG4/IgG1 ratio of 42 at diagnosis and 268 at relapse in our patient; similar values were observed in non-IgG4-RD AHA patients. As a second hypothesis, we considered whether the anti-FVIII activity could be the result of a non-specific autoantibody production due to polyclonal IgG4 ⁺ plasma cell proliferation. To test this hypothesis, we measured the anti-FVIII IgG4/total IgG4 ratio in our patient, as well as in several control groups: 11 AHA patients without IgG4-RD, 8 IgG4-RD patients without AHA, and 11 healthy controls. We found that the median [min-max] ratio was higher in AHA-only controls (2.4 10 ^-2 [5.7 10 ^-4 -1.79 10 ^-1 ]), an oligoclonal setting in which only anti-FVIII plasma cells proliferate, than in IgG4-RD-only controls (3.0 10 ^-5 [2.0 10 ^-5 -6.0 10 ^-5 ]), a polyclonal setting in which all IgG4 ⁺ plasma cells proliferate equally. Our patient had intermediate ratio values (2.7 10 ^-3 at diagnosis and 1.0 10 ^-3 at relapse), which could plead for a combination of both mechanisms. Although no definitive conclusion can be drawn, we hypothesized that the anti-FVIII autoantibody production in our IgG4-RD AHA patient could be the result of both broken tolerance to FVIII and bystander polyclonal IgG4 ⁺ plasma cell proliferation.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2020 Sanges, Jeanpierre, Lopez, Russick, Delignat, Carpentier, Dubois, Dubucquoi, Guerrier, Hachulla, Hatron, Paris, Susen, Launay, Lacroix-Desmazes and Terriou.)