Longitudinal Analysis of Peripheral and Colonic CD161 + CD4 + T Cell Dysfunction in Acute HIV-1 Infection and Effects of Early Treatment Initiation.

CD161 expression on CD4 ⁺ T cells is associated with a Th17 functional phenotype, as well as with an innate capacity to respond to interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 without T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with loss of the CD161 ⁺ CD4 T cell population, and non-human primate studies suggest that their depletion is associated with disease progression. However, the dynamics of the CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cell population during acute HIV-1 infection remains unknown. In this study, we characterize peripheral blood CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cells in detail, and examine how they are affected during the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection. Unbiased surface proteome screening and principal component analysis indicated that CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cells are relatively phenotypically homogeneous between donors, and are intermediates between conventional CD4 T cells and innate-like T cells. In acute untreated HIV-1 infection, the circulating CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cell population decreased in frequency, as did absolute cell counts starting from peak viral load, with elevated levels of activation and exhaustion markers expressed throughout acute HIV-1 infection. The capacity of these cells to respond to stimulation with IL-12 and IL-18 was also reduced. Early initiation of anti-retroviral treatment (ART) during acute HIV-1 infection restored the functionality of peripheral blood CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cells, but not their frequency. In contrast, early ART initiation prevented the decline of colonic CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cells that otherwise started during acute infection. Furthermore, loss of peripheral and colonic CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cells in untreated infection was associated with levels of viral load. These results suggest that acute HIV-1 infection has profound effects on the CD161 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cell population that could not be completely prevented by the initiation of ART.