Admission into intensive care unit in preeclampsia: a four-year population-based study in Reunion Island.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The objective of our study was to study risk factors and complications associated with severe preeclampsia requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission.
Methods: Retrospective comparative study over a period from 1st of January 2015 to 1st of January 2019 in the University's maternity unit of South Reunion (Indian Ocean). Our sampling included all preeclamptic patients who delivered in the Southern part of the island. Patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and those who remained in the maternity unit (controls) were reviewed.
Results: Out of 482 preeclampsia cases, 94 women (19.5%) needed a transfer in ICU, of which only 21 (4.3%) needed invasive intensive care. Mean length of stay was 2.4 ± 2.1 days. ICU admission was associated with HELLP syndrome (OR 8.5 [4.9-14.9], p <.001), severe post-partum hemorrhage (OR 5.86 [1.29-26.70], p =.01) and early onset of preeclampsia (<34 weeks gestation), 2.97 [1.9-4.7], p <.001), leading to higher rate of C-section (OR 2.83 [1.67-4.78], p <.001). There were three patients with a history of eclampsia and no case of maternal death was reported. Fetal prognosis was much poorer in maternal ICU admissions than in controls, with outcomes including lower birth weight (1776 vs. 2304 g, p <.001) and higher perinatal morbidity (infant respiratory distress syndrome 3.70 [1.94-7.05], p <.001) and mortality (<.001).
Conclusions: Women needing invasive ICU represented 4.3% of preeclampsia cases. This experience is of interest for lower resource settings such as in countries like Madagascar where very intensive ICU means are very poor, but simpler ICU surveillance is possible. Fetal prognosis was poor though no maternal death was reported. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach of patients with preeclampsia should be encouraged; admission into ICU should be facilitated, as soon as any sign of severity and complications appears.