Psychometric Properties and Reliability of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) in Volleyball Referees.

Background: Volleyball officials require a combination of qualities, e.g., confidence, decisiveness, courage and mental toughness as very important attributes for their performance. Measurement of the self-efficacy of volleyball referees has not been studied with large samples; therefore, the aim of this study was to fill this gap in the research.
Methods: Four-hundred and forty-five international volleyball referees participated in the study fulfilling the referee self-efficacy scale in the English version.
Results: The confirmatory analysis verified the four-factor structure of the scale and its reliability in this specific sample of international volleyball referees. ANCOVA revealed a significant effect of the covariate "level of education" for all four dimensions of referees' self-efficacy.
Conclusions: Although English was not the mother tongue for most of the subjects in the sample, the scale was statistically reliable, and the items were easy to understand, thus making the tool very suitable to use for further studies on multilingual referees. The study also suggests enhancing the level of education of the officials because of its significant effect on the perceived self-efficacy during refereeing.