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Metabolites of 2- and 3-Monochloropropanediol (2- and 3-MCPD) in Humans: Urinary Excretion of 2-Chlorohydracrylic Acid and 3-Chlorolactic Acid after Controlled Exposure to a Single High Dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2- and 3-MCPD.
Metabolites of 2- and 3-Monochloropropanediol (2- and 3-MCPD) in Humans: Urinary Excretion of 2-Chlorohydracrylic Acid and 3-Chlorolactic Acid after Controlled Exposure to a Single High Dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2- and 3-MCPD.
- Source :
-
Molecular nutrition & food research [Mol Nutr Food Res] 2021 Feb; Vol. 65 (4), pp. e2000736. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jan 04. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Scope: Fatty acid esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) are formed during the deodorization of vegetable oils. After lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis in the intestine, 2- and 3-MCPD are absorbed, but their ensuing human metabolism is unknown.<br />Methods and Results: The compounds 2-chlorohydracrylic acid (2-ClHA) and 3-chlorolactic acid (3-ClLA) resulting from oxidative metabolism of 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD, respectively, are identified and quantified in human urine samples. An exposure study with 12 adults is conducted to determine the urinary excretion of 2-ClHA and 3-ClLA. The participants eat 12 g of hazelnut oil containing 24.2 mg kg <superscript>-1</superscript> 2-MCPD and 54.5 mg kg <superscript>-1</superscript> 3-MCPD in the form of fatty acid esters. Average daily amounts of "background" excretion before the exposure are 69 nmol 2-ClHA and 3.0 nmol 3-ClLA. The additional mean excretion due to the uptake of the hazelnut oil amounts to 893 nmol 2-ClHA (34.0% of the 2-MCPD dose) and 16.4 nmol 3-ClLA (0.28% of the 3-MPCD dose).<br />Conclusions: The products of oxidative metabolism of 2- and 3-MCPD, 2-ClHA, and 3-ClLA, are described for the first time in humans. Due to the lack of specificity, the metabolites may not be used as exposure biomarkers to low doses of bound 2- and 3-MCPD, respectively.<br /> (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Subjects :
- Adult
Biomarkers urine
Chromatography, Liquid
Corylus chemistry
Esters chemistry
Fatty Acids chemistry
Female
Glycerol administration & dosage
Glycerol metabolism
Glycerol pharmacokinetics
Humans
Limit of Detection
Male
Middle Aged
Reproducibility of Results
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Urinalysis methods
alpha-Chlorohydrin metabolism
alpha-Chlorohydrin pharmacokinetics
Glycerol analogs & derivatives
Lactates urine
alpha-Chlorohydrin administration & dosage
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1613-4133
- Volume :
- 65
- Issue :
- 4
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Molecular nutrition & food research
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 33112049
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202000736