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Scaling Factors for Clearance in Adult Liver Cirrhosis.
- Source :
-
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals [Drug Metab Dispos] 2020 Dec; Vol. 48 (12), pp. 1271-1282. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Sep 25. - Publication Year :
- 2020
-
Abstract
- In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) enables prediction of in vivo clinical outcomes related to drug exposure in various populations from in vitro data. Prudent IVIVE requires scalars specific to the biologic characteristics of the system in each population. This study determined experimentally for the first time scalars in liver samples from patients with varying degrees of cirrhosis. Microsomal and cytosolic fractions were extracted from 13 noncirrhotic and 32 cirrhotic livers (six mild, 13 moderate, and 13 severe, based on Child-Pugh score). Fractional protein content was determined, and cytochrome P450 reductase activity was used to correct for microsomal protein loss. Although the median microsomal protein per gram liver (MPPGL) in mild, moderate, and severe cirrhosis (26.2, 32.4, and 30.8 mg⋅g <superscript>-1</superscript> , respectively) seemed lower than control livers (36.6 mg⋅g <superscript>-1</superscript> ), differences were not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis test, P > 0.05). Corresponding values for cytosolic protein per gram liver were 88.2, 67.9, 62.2, and 75.4 (mg⋅g <superscript>-1</superscript> ) for mild, moderate, and severe cirrhosis and control livers, respectively, with statistically lower values for severe versus controls (Mann-Whitney P = 0.006). Cirrhosis associated with cancer showed lower MPPGL (24.8 mg⋅g <superscript>-1</superscript> ) than cirrhosis associated with cholestasis (38.3 mg⋅g <superscript>-1</superscript> , P = 0.003). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulations with disease-specific scalars captured cirrhosis impact on exposure to alfentanil, metoprolol, midazolam, and ethinylestradiol. These experimentally-determined scalars should alleviate the need for indirect scaling using functional liver volume. Scaling factors in cirrhosis might be a reflection of the etiology rather than the disease severity. Hence, bundling various cirrhotic conditions under the same umbrella when predicting hepatic impairment impact should be revisited. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cirrhosis-specific scalars required for extrapolation from microsomal or cytosolic in vitro systems to liver tissue are lacking. These scalars can help in predicting drug clearance and selection of dosage regimens for cirrhosis populations. Attempts to consider potential changes have been empirical and ignored the potential impact of the cause of cirrhosis. We obtained experimental values for these scalars for the first time and assessed their impact on predicted exposure to various substrate drugs using physiologically-based pharmacokinetics simulations.<br />Competing Interests: A.R.-H. holds shares in Certara, a company focusing on model‐informed drug development, and declares no support from any organization for the submitted work. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.<br /> (Copyright © 2020 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.)
- Subjects :
- Administration, Intravenous
Administration, Oral
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Case-Control Studies
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System metabolism
Female
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Liver physiopathology
Liver Cirrhosis diagnosis
Male
Microsomes, Liver
Middle Aged
Severity of Illness Index
Young Adult
Hepatobiliary Elimination physiology
Liver metabolism
Liver Cirrhosis physiopathology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1521-009X
- Volume :
- 48
- Issue :
- 12
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 32978222
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000152