Seasonal ultrastructural changes in apocrine gland cells in back skin of male brown bears (Ursus arctos).

Oily secretions from the back skin are involved in the marking behavior of male brown bears (Ursus arctos), and apocrine glands in back skin are activated during the breeding season. Here, we investigated seasonal changes in the intracellular organelles of apocrine gland cells in the back skin of male brown bears using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and osmium-maceration scanning electron microscopy (OM-SEM). The morphological features of mitochondria and intracellular granules, and secretory mechanisms obviously differed between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The TEM findings showed that contents of low-density granules were released into the glandular lumen by frequent exocytosis, and sausage-shaped mitochondria were located in the perinuclear region during the non-breeding season. In contrast, high-density granules appeared in the apical region and in projections during the breeding season, and swollen mitochondria and lysosome-like organelles separating into high-density granules were located in the perinuclear region. The OM-SEM findings revealed swollen mitochondria with only a few partially developed cristae, and small mitochondria with cristae shaped like those in swollen mitochondria in the apical regions during the breeding season. These findings indicated that the small mitochondria corresponded to the high-density granules identified by TEM. These findings suggested that mitochondria in apocrine gland cells swell, degenerate, fracture into small pieces, and are finally released by apocrine secretions during the breeding season. Small mitochondria released in this secretory manner might function as the source of chemical signals in the oily secretions of brown bears during the breeding season.
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