Investigating the seasonal variability in source contribution to PM 2.5 and PM 10 using different receptor models during 2013-2016 in Delhi, India.

The present work deals with the seasonal variations in the contribution of sources to PM _2.5 and PM ₁₀ in Delhi, India. Samples of PM _2.5 and PM ₁₀ were collected from January 2013 to December 2016 at an urban site of Delhi, India, and analyzed to evaluate their chemical components [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic components (WSICs), and major and trace elements]. The average concentrations of PM _2.5 and PM ₁₀ were 131 ± 79 μg m ^-3 and 238 ± 106 μg m ^-3 , respectively during the entire sampling period. The analyzed and seasonally segregated data sets of both PM _2.5 and PM ₁₀ were used as input in the three different receptor models, i.e., principal component analysis-absolute principal component score (PCA-APCS), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF), to achieve conjointly corroborated results. The present study deals with the implementation and comparison of results of three different multivariate receptor models (PCA-APCS, UNMIX, and PMF) on the same data sets that allowed a better understanding of the probable sources of PM _2.5 and PM ₁₀ as well as the comportment of these sources with respect to different seasons. PCA-APCS, UNMIX, and PMF extracted similar sources but in different contributions to PM _2.5 and PM ₁₀ . All the three models extracted 7 similar sources while mutually confirmed the 4 major sources over Delhi, i.e., secondary aerosols, vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and soil dust, although the contribution of these sources varies seasonally. PCA-APCS and UNMIX analysis identified a less number of sources (besides mixed type) as compared to the PMF, which may cause erroneous interpretation of seasonal implications on source contribution to the PM mass concentration.