Improving sensitivity of antimicrobial drug nitrofurazone detection in food and biological samples based on nanostructured anatase-titania sheathed reduced graphene oxide.

In this study, we have prepared anatase titanium (IV) oxide warped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (TiO ₂ -rGO NC) using ultrasonic methodology. The morphology of the TiO ₂ -rGO NC was studied using FESEM and TEM. In addition, XRD, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and XPS are used to analyze the crystallinity and chemical composition of the TiO ₂ -rGO NC. We have also investigated the electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared NCs with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and different pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV). The TiO ₂ -rGO NC modified electrode shows the lower charge transfer resistance (R _ct ) of 62.87 Ω. Next, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with sonochemically prepared TiO ₂ -rGO NC and used to determine the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrofurazone (NTF). Thus, the proposed sensor established the wider covering range (WCR) of 0.01 to 380 µM and an excellent detection limit of 2.28 nM. Finally, the TiO ₂ -rGO NC/GCE was applied to determine the NTF in real samples, including crayfish and human blood serum samples, which acquired good found and recovery values.