Single and simultaneous adsorption of three sulfonamides in agricultural soils: Effects of pH and organic matter content.

Veterinary antibiotics reaching the environment have become a matter of global concern, since they can cause serious negative impacts on human and ecological health. Therefore, a deep understanding of their behavior and fate once they reach the soil environment is of utmost importance to design and implement appropriate measures that could reduce their potential risks. With this aim, batch-type experiments were carried out to study competitive adsorption and desorption for three sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfadiazine -SDZ-, sulfamethazine -SMT-, and sulfachloropyridazine -SCP-) in six crop soils presenting different characteristics. The results obtained showed that sulfonamides have a low retention in soils, with average adsorption percentages of 40% for SDZ, 44% for SMT and 54% for SCP, and with desorption percentages up to 36% for SDZ and SCP and up to 29% for SMT. The retention of sulfonamides was strongly influenced by the soil organic carbon content (SOC), with higher adsorption and less desorption associated to higher SOC contents. In addition, the hydrophobicity of sulfonamides also had an influence, as higher hydrophobicity resulted in higher affinity for soils, showing the affinity sequences: SDZ ~ SMT <SCP in acid soils, and SDZ ~ SCP <SMT in neutral soils. The results obtained in the ternary systems were very similar to those found in simple systems, indicating the absence of substantial competition for adsorption sites among the three sulfonamides. Despite the low competition among them, these antibiotics have high mobility in soils and, therefore, they imply a significant risk of contamination of water bodies, as well as of entering the food chain, generating serious hazards for human and environmental health. Therefore, fertilization of soils with sulfonamide polluted manures should be controlled, implementing new measurements for the pretreatment of manures before their application, thus contributing to a reduction of potential risks.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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