Structures of metabotropic GABA B receptor.

Stimulation of the metabotropic GABA _B receptor by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) results in prolonged inhibition of neurotransmission, which is central to brain physiology ¹ . GABA _B belongs to family C of the G-protein-coupled receptors, which operate as dimers to transform synaptic neurotransmitter signals into a cellular response through the binding and activation of heterotrimeric G proteins ^2,3 . However, GABA _B is unique in its function as an obligate heterodimer in which agonist binding and G-protein activation take place on distinct subunits ^4,5 . Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of heterodimeric and homodimeric full-length GABA _B receptors. Complemented by cellular signalling assays and atomistic simulations, these structures reveal that extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of GABA _B has an essential role in relaying structural transitions by ordering the linker that connects the extracellular ligand-binding domain to the transmembrane region. Furthermore, the ECL2 of each of the subunits of GABA _B caps and interacts with the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid that occupies the extracellular half of the transmembrane domain, thereby providing a potentially crucial link between ligand binding and the receptor core that engages G proteins. These results provide a starting framework through which to decipher the mechanistic modes of signal transduction mediated by GABA _B dimers, and have important implications for rational drug design that targets these receptors.