Combination treatments with immunotherapy in brain metastases patients.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of many advanced cancers. However, in most pivotal trials, patients with brain metastases (BM) were either excluded, or only selected patients were allowed. Therefore, there are still some concerns about the safety/efficacy ratio of ICI in patients with BM. In this special report we will provide an overview on the biological rationale for using ICI in the treatment of BM, the reported BM-related outcomes of clinical trials with a focus on ICI plus chemotherapy and ICI plus ICI combinations. Last, we will provide future challenges with this strategy, as well as directions for future research.