Degradation of metformin in water by TiO 2 -ZrO 2 photocatalysis.

The increasing use of pharmaceutical products also increases their release in aquatic environment. These contaminants are considered emerging pollutants, and induce adverse ecological and human health effects. The antidiabetic metformin is one example that has been detected in the aquatic environment at unusual concentrations. This fact indicates that conventional wastewater treatment is inefficient on eliminating this compound. Here we show that metformin can be effectively removed from water by photocatalysis. We found the optimised conditions for pH and concentration of catalyst on the photocatalytic process. TiO ₂ and TiO ₂ -ZrO ₂ were successful in oxidising metformin under UV radiation following a pseudo-first order kinetics. Intermediates of metformin photodegradation appeared after photocatalytic treatment. Toxicity analysis showed that the degradation products are non-toxic to Lactuca sativa seeds.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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