Lymphocytic Vasculitis Associated With Mild Rejection in a Vascularized Composite Allograft Recipient: A Clinicopathological Study.

Background: Histologic criteria for diagnosing acute rejection in vascularized composite tissue allograft (VCA) have been established by the Banff 2007 Working Classification of Skin-Containing Composite Tissue Allograft, but the role of early vascular lesions in graft rejection warrants additional analysis.
Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 34 skin biopsies performed over 430 d for rejection surveillance, in Canada's first face allotransplant recipient. Three observers reviewed all biopsies to assess the nature and intensity of the inflammatory skin infiltrate. A complete histological and immunohistochemical review of the vascular components was performed with a focus on lymphocytic vasculitis, intravascular fibrin, vessel caliber, extent of injury, C4d positivity, and inflammatory cell phenotyping. We then correlated these data points to clinical and immunosuppression parameters.
Results: Acute vascular damage in biopsies that would be classified as mild acute rejection correlates with troughs in immunosuppression and subsides when immunosuppressive tacrolimus doses are increased. Grade 0 Banff rejection and Grade I without lymphocytic vasculitis were almost indistinguishable, whereas Grade I with lymphocytic vasculitis was an easy and reproducible histologic finding.
Conclusions: Our results highlight the possible relevance of vascular injury in the context of VCA, as its presence might underlie a more aggressive form of immune rejection. If these findings are validated in other VCA patients, vascular injury in mild rejection might warrant a different clinical approach.