A closed-loop biorefinery approach for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production using sugars from carob pods as the sole raw material and downstream processing using the co-product lignin.

A novel closed-loop biorefinery model using carob pods as the feed material was developed for PHB production. The carob pods were delignified, and as the second step, sugars present in the delignified carob pods were extracted using water. Ralstonia eutropha and Bacillus megaterium were cultivated on the carob pod extract and its performance was evaluated using Taguchi experimental design. R. eutropha outperformed the B. megaterium in terms of its capability to grow at a maximum initial sugar concentration of 40 g L ^-1 with a maximum PHB production of 12.2 g L ^-1 . Finally, the concentrated lignin from the first step was diluted with different proportion of chloroform to extract PHB from the bacterial biomass. The PHB yield and purity obtained were more than 90% respectively using either R. eutropha or B. megaterium. Properties of the PHB produced in this study were examined to establish its application potential.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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