Is arsenite more toxic than arsenate in plants?

In order to evaluate the differential absorption and toxicity of arsenate (As ^V ) and arsenite (As ^III ), Lemna valdiviana plants were grown in a nutrient solution and subjected to 0.0 (control); 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; 5.0 and 7.5 mg L ^-1 of As ^III or As ^V for three days. Exposure to both chemical forms resulted in As bioaccumulation, although As ^III -grown plants showed higher As content in tissues. In As ^V -grown plants, the relative growth rate (RGR) decreased to 50%, at a concentration of 4.0 mg L ^-1 , while for treatments with As ^III , the same decrease was observed at 1.0 mg L ^-1 . The tolerance index decreased with increasing concentrations, with lower values for As ^III . Plants treated with As ^III showed increased superoxide anion levels, whilst higher levels of hydrogen peroxide were present in AsV-treated plants. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were higher for plants subjected to As ^III when compared to As ^V at lower concentrations. Concentrations of 1 mg L ^-1 of As ^III and 4 mg L ^-1 of As ^V showed equivalent MDA levels. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased at low concentrations and were inhibited at higher concentrations of As ^III and As ^V , whereas peroxidase activity was positively modulated by increased As ^III or As ^V concentrations. In conclusion, L. valdiviana plants took up and accumulated arsenic as As ^III or As ^V , demonstrating the potential for phytoremediation of this metalloid. Furthermore, As ^III -exposed plants showed enhanced toxicity when compared to As ^V , at the same applied concentration, although toxicity was more related to internal As concentrations, regardless of the chemical form applied.