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The fungicide iprodione affects midgut cells of non-target honey bee Apis mellifera workers.
- Source :
-
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety [Ecotoxicol Environ Saf] 2020 Feb; Vol. 189, pp. 109991. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Nov 25. - Publication Year :
- 2020
-
Abstract
- The honey bee Apis mellifera is an important pollinator of agricultural crops and natural forests. Honey bee populations have declined over the years, as a result of diseases, pesticides, and management problems. Fungicides are the main pesticides found in pollen grains, which are the major source of protein for bees. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of the fungicide iprodione on midgut cells of adult A. mellifera workers. Bees were fed on iprodione (LD <subscript>50</subscript> , determined by the manufacturer) for 12 or 24 h, and the midgut was examined using light and transmission electron microscopies. The expression level of the autophagy gene atg1 was assessed in midgut digestive cells. Cells of treated bees had signs of apoptosis: cytoplasmic vacuolization, apical cell protrusions, nuclear fragmentation, and chromatin condensation. Ultrastructural analysis revealed some cells undergoing autophagy and necrosis. Expression of atg1 was similar between treated and control bees, which can be explained by the facts that digestive cells had autolysosomes, whereas ATG-1 is found in the initial phases of autophagy. Iprodione acts by inhibiting the synthesis of glutathione, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn can induce different types of cell death. The results indicate that iprodione must be used with caution because it has side effects on non-target organisms, such as pollinator bees.<br /> (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide toxicity
Animals
Apoptosis drug effects
Bees cytology
Digestive System cytology
Digestive System drug effects
Pesticides analysis
Pollen chemistry
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide analogs & derivatives
Bees drug effects
Fungicides, Industrial toxicity
Hydantoins toxicity
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1090-2414
- Volume :
- 189
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Ecotoxicology and environmental safety
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 31780208
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109991