Studying Cryptosporidium Infection in 3D Tissue-derived Human Organoid Culture Systems by Microinjection.

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causes of human diarrheal disease. To understand the pathology of the parasite and develop efficient drugs, an in vitro culture system that recapitulates the conditions in the host is needed. Organoids, which closely resemble the tissues of their origin, are ideal for studying host-parasite interactions. Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) tissue-derived structures which are derived from adult stem cells and grow in culture for extended periods of time without undergoing any genetic aberration or transformation. They have well defined polarity with both apical and basolateral surfaces. Organoids have various applications in drug testing, bio banking, and disease modeling and host-microbe interaction studies. Here we present a step-by-step protocol of how to prepare the oocysts and sporozoites of Cryptosporidium for infecting human intestinal and airway organoids. We then demonstrate how microinjection can be used to inject the microbes into the organoid lumen. There are three major methods by which organoids can be used for host-microbe interaction studies-microinjection, mechanical shearing and plating, and by making monolayers. Microinjection enables maintenance of the 3D structure and allows for precise control of parasite volumes and direct apical side contact for the microbes. We provide details for optimal growth of organoids for either imaging or oocyst production. Finally, we also demonstrate how the newly generated oocysts can be isolated from the organoid for further downstream processing and analysis.